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【一诺留学】ACT真题练习(三十六)

时间:2016-01-07  / 编辑:Abby
   同学们小编每天给大家更新的ACT真题你们都练习了吗?同学们每天做一些题对于自己的成绩提升是很有帮助的哦!小编每天给大家更新两道题目。希望可以对提高同学们的成绩有所帮助!来随小编看看今天的题目吧!

  SOCIAL SCIENCE: This passage is adapted from Leonard W.Levy's Origins of the Fifth Amendment: The Right Against Self Incrimination. (©1968 by Clio Enterprises Inc.).

  Community courts and community justice pre-vailed in England at the time of the Norman Conquest[1066]. The legal system was ritualistic, dependentupon oaths at most stages of litigation, and permeated

  5 by both religious and superstitious notions. The pro-ceedings were oral, very personal, and highly con-frontative. Juries were unknown. One party publicly"appealed," or accused, the other before the community meeting at which the presence of both was obligatory.

  10 To be absent meant risking fines and outlawry. After the preliminary statements of the parties, the court ren-dered judgment, not on the merits of the issue nor the question of guilt or innocence, but on the manner by which it should be resolved. Judgment in other words 15 preceded trial because it was a decision on what form the trial should take. It might be by compurgation, by ordeal, or, after the Norman Conquest, by battle. Excepting trial by battle, only one party was tried or, more accurately, was put to his "proof." Proof being

  20 regarded as an advantage, it was usually awarded to the accused party; in effect he had the privilege of proving his own case.Trial by compurgation consisted of a sworn state-ment to the truth of one's claim or denial, supported by

  25 the oaths of a certain number of fellow swearers.Presumably they, no more than the claimant, would endanger their immortal souls by the sacrilege of false swearing. Originally the oath-helpers swore from their own knowledge to the truth of the party's claim. Later

  30 they became little more than character witnesses, swearing only to their belief that his oath was trust-worthy. If he rounded up the requisite number of com-purgators and the cumbrous swearing in very exact form proceeded without a mistake, he won his case. A

  35 mistake "burst" the oath, proving guilt.Ordeals were usually reserved for more serious crimes, for persons of bad reputation, for peasants, or for those caught with stolen goods. As an invocation of immediate divine judgment, ordeals were consecrated

  40 by the Church and shrouded with solemn religious mys-tery. The accused underwent a physical trial in which he called upon God to witness his innocence by putting a miraculous sign upon his body. Cold water, boiling water, and hot iron were the principal ordeals, all of

  45 which the clergy administered. In the ordeal of cold water, the accused was trussed up and cast into a pool to see whether he would sink or float. On the theory that water which had been sanctified by a priest would receive an innocent person but reject the guilty, inno-

  50 cence was proved by sinking—and hopefully a quick retrieval—guilt by floating. In the other ordeals, one had to plunge his hand into a cauldron of boiling water or carry a red hot piece of iron for a certain distance, in the hope that three days later, when the bandages were

  55 removed, the priest would find a "clean" wound, one that was healing free of infection. How deeply one plunged his arm into the water, how heavy the iron or great the distance it was carried, depended mainly on the gravity of the charge.

  60 The Normans brought to England still another ordeal, trial by battle, paradigm of the adversary system, which gave to the legal concept of "defense" or "defendant" a physical meaning. Trial by battle was a savage yet sacred method of proof which was also

  65 thought to involve divine intercession on behalf of the righteous. Rather than let a wrongdoer triumph, God would presumably strengthen the arms of the party who had sworn truly to the justice of his cause. Right, not might, would therefore conquer. Trial by battle was

  70 originally available for the settlement of all disputes but eventually was restricted to cases of serious crime. Whether one proved his case by compurgation, ordeal, or battle, the method was accusatory in char-acter. There was always a definite and known accuser,

  75 some private person who brought formal suit and openly confronted his antagonist. There was never any secrecy in the proceedings, which were the same for criminal as for civil litigation. The judges, who had no role whatever in the making of the verdict, decided only

  80 which party should be put to proof and what its form should be; thereafter the judges merely enforced an observance of the rules. The oaths that saturated the proceedings called upon God to witness to the truth of the respective claims of the parties, or the justice of

  85 their cause, or the reliability of their word. No one gave testimonial evidence nor was anyone questioned to test his veracity.

  According to the passage, being put to the proof (lines 18–19) most nearly means the person was:

  A. considered innocent until proven guilty.

  B. considered guilty no matter what he did.

  C. supposed to prove his own innocence.

  D. given the privilege of presenting his side first.

  正确答案:C

  The best answer is C. Lines 21–22 explain what being put to the proof requires. Since there was no automatic assumption of innocence in England at this time nor was that something the courts of that time addressed (see lines 12–13), A is ruled out. Since innocence could be "proven" (line50), B is incorrect, and because line 18 makes it clear that only one party was tried, D can also be ruled out.

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